1. Engineering Technical Requirements
Each incineration production line should have an annual operating time of at least 8000 hours, and the design service life of the waste incineration system should not be less than 20 years.
The effective volume of the waste pit should be determined based on 5-7 days of rated waste incineration capacity. The waste pit should be equipped with leachate collection facilities. Municipal solid waste storage facilities and leachate collection facilities should be under closed negative pressure measures, ensuring they remain under negative pressure during operation and shutdown. Gases from these facilities should be preferentially introduced into the incinerator for high-temperature treatment, or collected and deodorized to meet the requirements of the "Odor Pollutant Emission Standard" before being released.
Complete combustion of waste in the incinerator should be ensured. The flue gas in the secondary combustion chamber should have a residence time of not less than 2 seconds at a temperature not lower than 850°C, and the loss on ignition of the incinerator slag should be controlled within 5%.
The waste incineration line must be equipped with a flue gas purification system and should be arranged in a unitized manner. The selection of flue gas purification processes should fully consider the characteristics of the waste and the variations in the amount of pollutants generated during incineration, as well as their physical and chemical properties. Attention should also be paid to the compatibility between combined processes.
Removal of acidic pollutants: Acidic pollutants include hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides. Appropriate treatment processes should be selected for their removal.
Measures should be taken to strictly control dioxin emissions in the flue gas, including: controlling the temperature, residence time, and airflow disturbance conditions of the flue gas in the combustion chamber; reducing the residence time of the flue gas in the 200℃～500℃ temperature range; and installing adsorbent injection devices such as activated carbon powder.
2. Operational Monitoring Requirements
The amount of waste stored in the waste storage pit should be monitored regularly, and effective measures should be taken to drain the leachate from the waste storage pit. The leachate should be treated to meet discharge standards.
Online monitoring of the incinerator's operation should be implemented. Monitoring items should include at least the incinerator's combustion temperature, furnace pressure, and the oxygen and carbon monoxide content at the flue gas outlet. Signage should be prominently displayed, automatically showing the main operating parameters of the incinerator and online monitoring data of the main pollutants in the flue gas.
Automatic, continuous online monitoring of flue gas should be implemented. Monitoring items should include at least hydrogen chloride, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. The system should be connected to the local sanitation and environmental protection authorities for real-time data transmission.
Incinerator slag and fly ash generated from waste incineration should be properly treated or disposed of according to regulations.
Effective odor control measures should be implemented at each process stage. The plant area should be free of noticeable odors. Deodorization systems should be used in relevant locations as required and maintained promptly as needed.
Daily monitoring and supervision should be strengthened in areas prone to biogas accumulation, such as waste storage pits, sewage and leachate collection ponds, underground structures, and production control rooms, to ensure safe production.
3. Waste Gas Treatment Requirements
The waste gas emitted by a waste incineration plant mainly comes from the flue gas produced during the incineration process. Its main pollutants include dust, hydrogen chloride (HCl), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), organic pollutants, dioxins, and heavy metals.
A computer control system can achieve a high degree of automation in the processes of waste incineration, heat energy utilization, and flue gas treatment. It controls the set combustion conditions (such as furnace temperature above 850℃, flue gas residence time greater than 2 seconds, maintaining turbulent flue gas flow and appropriate excess oxygen), ensuring the incineration system operates under rated conditions, minimizing the concentration of raw emissions, and guaranteeing the complete decomposition of organic compounds such as dioxins.
Various effective flue gas treatment equipment should be installed, such as bag filters and activated carbon adsorption for harmful substances, and online flue gas monitoring instruments should be used to continuously monitor the flue gas emission indicators of each incineration line to ensure that the waste incineration plant's flue gas pollutant emissions meet the prescribed standards.
4. Odor Gas Emission Control Requirements
Waste should be transported using sealed, automatically loading and unloading compression trucks to minimize odor leakage.
Air curtains should be installed at the entrances and exits of the waste unloading hall, and the electric unloading doors should be closed before and after unloading to prevent odor escape.
The waste pit should be a sealed design, with air intakes above it to draw odorous gases as combustion air into the incinerator for high-temperature decomposition, maintaining a negative pressure environment in the waste pit and unloading hall.
A backup activated carbon exhaust gas purification system should be installed. During plant-wide shutdowns for maintenance, odorous gases from the waste pit must be purified to meet standards before being released.
5. Dioxin Emission Control Requirements
Dioxins are actually an abbreviation for dioxin class, referring to two major classes of 210 organic compounds with similar structures and properties, containing numerous congeners or isomers, but only a very small number are considered toxic.
Dioxins are not a pollution unique to waste incineration plants; they are compounds produced when organic matter is heated with chlorine, a relatively common chemical phenomenon. Dioxins can be found in air, soil, water, food, and waste. Studies show that food is the primary source, with approximately 90% of human exposure to dioxins coming from dietary sources.
Controlling dioxin emissions from waste incineration plants primarily employs mature pre-treatment "3T" and post-treatment high-efficiency purification technologies. Firstly, the temperature inside the incinerator furnace is maintained above 850 degrees Celsius, and the flue gas is kept in the furnace for at least 2 seconds to ensure complete decomposition of dioxins. Secondly, the flue gas undergoes a state-of-the-art purification system to control the dioxin concentration below 0.1 ng TEQ/m³, meeting the most stringent international emission standards.
6. Slag and Fly Ash Control Requirements
Slag is mainly the residue from the incineration of municipal solid waste. Its quantity depends on the composition of the waste. Its main components are manganese oxide (MnO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), calcium oxide (CaO), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), ferric oxide (Fe2O3), scrap metal, and a small amount of unburned organic matter. After high-temperature harmless treatment and separation by magnetic separation, the slag produced from waste incineration can be comprehensively utilized. The portion that cannot be comprehensively utilized can be sent to a sanitary landfill.
All devices in the fly ash collection, storage, and treatment system should be kept in a sealed state. When the flue gas purification system uses dry or semi-dry methods to remove acidic gases, the fly ash treatment system should adopt mechanical or pneumatic ash removal methods; when using wet methods, fly ash should be effectively separated from wastewater. Fly ash is hazardous waste and must be collected separately. It must not be mixed with municipal solid waste, incineration residue, or other hazardous wastes. Waste incineration fly ash must not be stored in the plant area for a long period of time, must not be disposed of in a simple manner, and must not be transported and discharged at will.
1. Engineering Technical Requirements
Each incineration production line should have an annual operating time of at least 8000 hours, and the design service life of the waste incineration system should not be less than 20 years.
The effective volume of the waste pit should be determined based on 5-7 days of rated waste incineration capacity. The waste pit should be equipped with leachate collection facilities. Municipal solid waste storage facilities and leachate collection facilities should be under closed negative pressure measures, ensuring they remain under negative pressure during operation and shutdown. Gases from these facilities should be preferentially introduced into the incinerator for high-temperature treatment, or collected and deodorized to meet the requirements of the "Odor Pollutant Emission Standard" before being released.
Complete combustion of waste in the incinerator should be ensured. The flue gas in the secondary combustion chamber should have a residence time of not less than 2 seconds at a temperature not lower than 850°C, and the loss on ignition of the incinerator slag should be controlled within 5%.
The waste incineration line must be equipped with a flue gas purification system and should be arranged in a unitized manner. The selection of flue gas purification processes should fully consider the characteristics of the waste and the variations in the amount of pollutants generated during incineration, as well as their physical and chemical properties. Attention should also be paid to the compatibility between combined processes.
Removal of acidic pollutants: Acidic pollutants include hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides. Appropriate treatment processes should be selected for their removal.
Measures should be taken to strictly control dioxin emissions in the flue gas, including: controlling the temperature, residence time, and airflow disturbance conditions of the flue gas in the combustion chamber; reducing the residence time of the flue gas in the 200℃～500℃ temperature range; and installing adsorbent injection devices such as activated carbon powder.
2. Operational Monitoring Requirements
The amount of waste stored in the waste storage pit should be monitored regularly, and effective measures should be taken to drain the leachate from the waste storage pit. The leachate should be treated to meet discharge standards.
Online monitoring of the incinerator's operation should be implemented. Monitoring items should include at least the incinerator's combustion temperature, furnace pressure, and the oxygen and carbon monoxide content at the flue gas outlet. Signage should be prominently displayed, automatically showing the main operating parameters of the incinerator and online monitoring data of the main pollutants in the flue gas.
Automatic, continuous online monitoring of flue gas should be implemented. Monitoring items should include at least hydrogen chloride, carbon monoxide, particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides. The system should be connected to the local sanitation and environmental protection authorities for real-time data transmission.
Incinerator slag and fly ash generated from waste incineration should be properly treated or disposed of according to regulations.
Effective odor control measures should be implemented at each process stage. The plant area should be free of noticeable odors. Deodorization systems should be used in relevant locations as required and maintained promptly as needed.
Daily monitoring and supervision should be strengthened in areas prone to biogas accumulation, such as waste storage pits, sewage and leachate collection ponds, underground structures, and production control rooms, to ensure safe production.
3. Waste Gas Treatment Requirements
The waste gas emitted by a waste incineration plant mainly comes from the flue gas produced during the incineration process. Its main pollutants include dust, hydrogen chloride (HCl), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), organic pollutants, dioxins, and heavy metals.
A computer control system can achieve a high degree of automation in the processes of waste incineration, heat energy utilization, and flue gas treatment. It controls the set combustion conditions (such as furnace temperature above 850℃, flue gas residence time greater than 2 seconds, maintaining turbulent flue gas flow and appropriate excess oxygen), ensuring the incineration system operates under rated conditions, minimizing the concentration of raw emissions, and guaranteeing the complete decomposition of organic compounds such as dioxins.
Various effective flue gas treatment equipment should be installed, such as bag filters and activated carbon adsorption for harmful substances, and online flue gas monitoring instruments should be used to continuously monitor the flue gas emission indicators of each incineration line to ensure that the waste incineration plant's flue gas pollutant emissions meet the prescribed standards.
4. Odor Gas Emission Control Requirements
Waste should be transported using sealed, automatically loading and unloading compression trucks to minimize odor leakage.
Air curtains should be installed at the entrances and exits of the waste unloading hall, and the electric unloading doors should be closed before and after unloading to prevent odor escape.
The waste pit should be a sealed design, with air intakes above it to draw odorous gases as combustion air into the incinerator for high-temperature decomposition, maintaining a negative pressure environment in the waste pit and unloading hall.
A backup activated carbon exhaust gas purification system should be installed. During plant-wide shutdowns for maintenance, odorous gases from the waste pit must be purified to meet standards before being released.
5. Dioxin Emission Control Requirements
Dioxins are actually an abbreviation for dioxin class, referring to two major classes of 210 organic compounds with similar structures and properties, containing numerous congeners or isomers, but only a very small number are considered toxic.
Dioxins are not a pollution unique to waste incineration plants; they are compounds produced when organic matter is heated with chlorine, a relatively common chemical phenomenon. Dioxins can be found in air, soil, water, food, and waste. Studies show that food is the primary source, with approximately 90% of human exposure to dioxins coming from dietary sources.
Controlling dioxin emissions from waste incineration plants primarily employs mature pre-treatment "3T" and post-treatment high-efficiency purification technologies. Firstly, the temperature inside the incinerator furnace is maintained above 850 degrees Celsius, and the flue gas is kept in the furnace for at least 2 seconds to ensure complete decomposition of dioxins. Secondly, the flue gas undergoes a state-of-the-art purification system to control the dioxin concentration below 0.1 ng TEQ/m³, meeting the most stringent international emission standards.
6. Slag and Fly Ash Control Requirements
Slag is mainly the residue from the incineration of municipal solid waste. Its quantity depends on the composition of the waste. Its main components are manganese oxide (MnO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), calcium oxide (CaO), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), ferric oxide (Fe2O3), scrap metal, and a small amount of unburned organic matter. After high-temperature harmless treatment and separation by magnetic separation, the slag produced from waste incineration can be comprehensively utilized. The portion that cannot be comprehensively utilized can be sent to a sanitary landfill.
All devices in the fly ash collection, storage, and treatment system should be kept in a sealed state. When the flue gas purification system uses dry or semi-dry methods to remove acidic gases, the fly ash treatment system should adopt mechanical or pneumatic ash removal methods; when using wet methods, fly ash should be effectively separated from wastewater. Fly ash is hazardous waste and must be collected separately. It must not be mixed with municipal solid waste, incineration residue, or other hazardous wastes. Waste incineration fly ash must not be stored in the plant area for a long period of time, must not be disposed of in a simple manner, and must not be transported and discharged at will.